Available at: https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/3121
Date of Award
6-2025
Degree Name
MS in Nutrition
Department/Program
Food Science and Nutrition
College
College of Agriculture, Food, and Environmental Sciences
Advisor
Scott Reaves
Advisor Department
Food Science and Nutrition
Advisor College
College of Agriculture, Food, and Environmental Sciences
Abstract
This study aimed to assess energy balance, macronutrient intake, and training load among NCAA Division I female collegiate soccer players during the competitive season, using validated wearable technology and dietary analysis. 33 athletes were recruited, with 14 providing complete 3-day dietary records and 24-hour energy expenditure (EE) using the Firstbeat Bodyguard 3 device. Training load data were collected from 30 players using Firstbeat chest strap monitors across various session types and microcycle phases. Dietary records were analyzed using ESHA Food Processor software, and energy balance was assessed by comparing EE, energy intake (EI), and software-generated recommended EI. Macronutrient intake was compared against sport-specific recommendations. Internal (ITL) and external training load (ETL) variables were analyzed by session type, microcycle phase, match-day role (Comp vs Scout), and positions among field players. Players were in significant negative energy balance, with EI (2167 ± 318 kcal/day) falling short of both TEE (2656 ± 563 kcal/d; p = .036) and recommended EI (2842 ± 184 kcal/d; p < .001). Carbohydrate intake (4.2 g/kg/d) was significantly lower than recommended (p < .001), while protein (1.94 g/kg/d) and fat (1.28 g/kg/d) met targets. Match sessions imposed the highest training loads, followed by Practice+Lift sessions. MD-2 was the most demanding non-match day. Comp players exhibited significantly higher EE, carbohydrate utilization, TRIMP, and movement load compared to Scout players. No significant positional differences were observed among field players during match play. Despite targeted fueling strategies, female collegiate soccer players demonstrated persistent energy carbohydrate deficits during the season. Objective monitoring of EE and training load can help guide individualized nutrition strategies, especially around high-load sessions and matches. These findings underscore the need for performance-oriented fueling education and practical tools to close the gap between EI and expenditure in women’s collegiate athletics.