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<title>Accounting</title>
<copyright>Copyright (c) 2013 California Polytechnic State University All rights reserved.</copyright>
<link>http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/acct_fac</link>
<description>Recent documents in Accounting</description>
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<lastBuildDate>Fri, 25 Jan 2013 15:44:05 PST</lastBuildDate>
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<title>Financial Analysts and Enron: Asleep at the Wheel?</title>
<link>http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/acct_fac/30</link>
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<pubDate>Tue, 26 Apr 2011 11:23:34 PDT</pubDate>
<description>
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	<p>We attempt to replicate the duties of financial analysts by performing accounting and financial analyses for Enron, using information contained in the firm's Security and Exchange Commission filings and in annual and quarterly reports that were available to analysts prior to the firm's collapse. We focus on Enron accounting policies, estimates, and financial measures that reflect the key risk areas that we identified in our strategy analysis.</p>
<p>Given that the purpose of accounting analysis is to evaluate the degree to which a firm's accounting system captures its underlying economic reality, we attempt to assess the degree of distortion in Enron's reported numbers, based on our comfort level with management's choice of accounting policies and estimates. The purpose of our financial analysis is to assess the performance of the firm after its efforts to negate the effects of perceived distortions in the reported numbers. We ask, and attempt to answer, the question of whether financial analysts should have seen warning signs of Enron's collapse and should have warned investors of the firm's precarious financial situation long before the unfortunate event surprised stockholders and creditors alike.</p>
<p>Our detailed analyses show that from 1997 onward there was evidence of reporting and performance problems. We highlight areas of major concern about profitability and debt levels.</p>
<p>Although Enron management makes an abundance of information available to analysts, the language is not always clear; it is confusing even to accounting experts. The vast amount of information makes the analyst's job time consuming and tedious, yet essential information, such as separate disclosures of unrealized gains on trading activities, is not available. This does not, however, excuse analysts who overwhelmingly would not see the woods for the trees, and who continued recommending to clients that they buy or hold Enron stock.</p>
<p>Our investigation shows that the red flags were plentiful and that the situation was aggravated by the incidents of apparent disdain (reported in the news media) with which Enron's top management dealt with financial analysts. The results of our accounting and financial analyses raise issues about the competence, independence, and objectivity of analysts who continued to recommend this stock.</p>

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<author>Arline Savage et al.</author>


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<title>Assessing the Control Environment Using a Balanced Scorecard Approach</title>
<link>http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/acct_fac/29</link>
<guid isPermaLink="true">http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/acct_fac/29</guid>
<pubDate>Mon, 14 Feb 2011 14:23:08 PST</pubDate>
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<author>Joseph H. Callaghan et al.</author>


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<title>Modeling XBRL Using UML: Improving Semantics For Financial Analysis</title>
<link>http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/acct_fac/28</link>
<guid isPermaLink="true">http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/acct_fac/28</guid>
<pubDate>Tue, 23 Nov 2010 14:22:01 PST</pubDate>
<description>
	<![CDATA[
	<p>eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL), a financial accounting application of XML, provides a taxonomy for facilitating the analysis of financial statement information. This taxonomy promises to enhance the financial analyst‘s ability to process financial information both cross-sectionally and temporally. However, limitations exist in the taxonomy that inhibit the analyst, intelligent agent or application to process information in the most effective way. In particular, financial statement element analysis can only be properly conducted when the additional semantics provided by additional disclosures are incorporated into the process. UML provides a conceptual framework to capture more meaningful semantics, particularly among related, collaborating objects. The purpose of this paper is to develop a framework that will couple the strengths of both technologies in order to develop better systems for financial statement analysis.</p>

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<author>Vijayan Sugumaran et al.</author>


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<title>Assessment of an Accounting Information Systems Curriculum: An Analysis of the International Federation of Accountants&apos; International Education Guideline No. 11</title>
<link>http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/acct_fac/27</link>
<guid isPermaLink="true">http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/acct_fac/27</guid>
<pubDate>Tue, 23 Nov 2010 14:21:59 PST</pubDate>
<description>
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	<p>This paper evaluates our current Accounting and Information Systems (AIS) curriculum, developed using a Model-Oriented, Tool-Enhanced (MOTE) framework, by comparing it to the recommendations of the International Federation of Accountants'' (IFAC) Guideline No. 11. The IFAC recommendations offer guidance on the information technology content in accounting curricula and are supported by the AICPA. The evaluation resulted in suggestions for improvements to our existing curriculum. An analysis of the guideline was also completed.</p>

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<author>Joseph Callaghan et al.</author>


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<title>A Multi-Case Investigation of Environmental Legitimation in Annual Reports</title>
<link>http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/acct_fac/26</link>
<guid isPermaLink="true">http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/acct_fac/26</guid>
<pubDate>Tue, 23 Nov 2010 14:21:58 PST</pubDate>
<description>
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	<p>In this chapter, a legitimacy theory framework for corporate environmental disclosure is empirically investigated, using a multi-case research design. Legitimation strategies in the 1991-1995 annual reports of two Canadian-owned pulp and paper companies are explored. The findings support legitimacy theory as an explanation for voluntary environmental disclosure in annual reports.</p>

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<author>Arline Savage et al.</author>


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<title>Rethinking AIS: An Innovative Financial Information Systems Curriculum</title>
<link>http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/acct_fac/25</link>
<guid isPermaLink="true">http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/acct_fac/25</guid>
<pubDate>Tue, 23 Nov 2010 14:21:57 PST</pubDate>
<description>
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	<p>This paper describes a new Financial Information Systems curriculum that integrates information technology and financial information in the development of business information systems, and discusses the problems we experienced in establishing the new program. Our intention is to provide accounting graduates with the knowledge they need to leverage the latest information technologies to support the use of financial information in management decision-making, and to integrate financial information and internal controls into business information systems. Our cross-disciplinary approach expands the horizons of our students, from one of viewing accounting as a stand-alone, untimely, inflexible information system, capturing only “accounting transactions” and their limited characteristics, to one of a more realistic real-time, enterprise-wide, activity-driven information system, used by a variety of users with a variety of needs. We also shift the focus from implementing costly controls to that of embedding controls within information systems during systems development, and of continuous systems monitoring.</p>

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<author>Joseph Callaghan et al.</author>


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<title>Ethical Concerns About the Online Sale of Instructor-Only Textbook Resources</title>
<link>http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/acct_fac/24</link>
<guid isPermaLink="true">http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/acct_fac/24</guid>
<pubDate>Tue, 23 Nov 2010 14:21:56 PST</pubDate>
<description>
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	<p>Yes, your test bank and solutions manual are for sale and it is very easy for your students to acquire them. Using a stakeholder framework, we analyze the ethical issues involved in acquiring, using, and distributing these instructional resources by individuals besides the professors for whom they are intended. We also discuss countermeasures that stakeholders might  use to deal with this latest development.</p>

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<author>Arline Savage et al.</author>


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<title>Financial Management to Support Sustainability</title>
<link>http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/acct_fac/23</link>
<guid isPermaLink="true">http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/acct_fac/23</guid>
<pubDate>Tue, 23 Nov 2010 14:21:54 PST</pubDate>
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<author>Doug Cerf et al.</author>


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<title>A Re-Balanced Scorecard: A Strategic Approach to Enhance Managerial Performance in Complex Environments</title>
<link>http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/acct_fac/22</link>
<guid isPermaLink="true">http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/acct_fac/22</guid>
<pubDate>Mon, 15 Nov 2010 15:22:54 PST</pubDate>
<description>
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	<p>This paper is a proposal to develop conceptual and practical frameworks for evolving corporations seeking to improve their managerial performance in complex environments with actionable strategies for dealing with social, environmental and corporate governance issues. These frameworks are coalesced by social contract theory that extends the traditional view of the firm as a nexus of contracts to a broader view of the firm as a nexus of social contracts. A re-balanced scorecard is proposed to induce and evaluate management performance that captures important dimensions and aspects of the frameworks established for firms strategically choosing to change their long term objectives to include those related to meeting their social contract obligations.</p>

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<author>Joseph H. Callaghan et al.</author>


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<title>Augmenting XBRL Using UML: Improving Financial Analysis</title>
<link>http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/acct_fac/21</link>
<guid isPermaLink="true">http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/acct_fac/21</guid>
<pubDate>Mon, 15 Nov 2010 15:22:53 PST</pubDate>
<description>
	<![CDATA[
	<p>eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL), a financial accounting application of XML, provides a taxonomy for facilitating the analysis of financial statement information. This taxonomy promises to enhance the financial analyst’s ability to process financial information both cross-sectionally and temporally. However, limitations exist in the taxonomy that inhibit the analyst, intelligent agent or application to process information in the most effective way. In particular, financial statement element analysis can only be properly conducted when the additional semantics provided by additional disclosures are incorporated into the process. UML provides a conceptual framework to capture more meaningful semantics, particularly among related, collaborating objects. The purpose of this paper is to develop a framework that will couple the strengths of both technologies in order to develop better systems for financial statement analysis.</p>

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<author>Joseph H. Callaghan et al.</author>


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<title>An Investigation of Real Estate Investment Decision-Making Practices</title>
<link>http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/acct_fac/20</link>
<guid isPermaLink="true">http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/acct_fac/20</guid>
<pubDate>Mon, 15 Nov 2010 15:22:51 PST</pubDate>
<description>
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	<p>This survey investigation reports on the investment decision-making processes used by equity investors in real estate. The survey covers the entire investment decision-making process, from setting strategy to auditing operating performance. Respondents identify the most important stages of the process as searching for investment opportunities, forecasting expected returns, and evaluating forecasted returns. Most believe that individual project factors are more important than strategic and portfolio factors, and that returns should be measured on a before-tax cash flow basis and evaluated using discounted cash flow measures. Respondents are more concerned with project than portfolio risk and are unlikely to make a quantitative risk assessment or risk adjustment. When compared with the results of earlier studies, this investigation suggests that real estate investment decision-making practices have not evolved much over the past decade.</p>

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<author>Edward J. Farragher et al.</author>


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<title>Equational Zero Vector Databases, Non-Equational Databases, and Inherent Internal Control</title>
<link>http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/acct_fac/19</link>
<guid isPermaLink="true">http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/acct_fac/19</guid>
<pubDate>Mon, 15 Nov 2010 15:22:49 PST</pubDate>
<description>
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	<p>Equational zero vector accounting systems, based on duality principles and the double-entry model, were designed as ontological control systems to help prevent and detect fraud and errors inherent in non-equational, single-entry systems. Non-equational systems lend themselves to fraud and errors to a larger degree because the internal control inherent in an equational zero vector system has no substitute. We use an analytical analysis methodology to show that an equational zero vector system provides superior inherent internal control over data completeness and data reliability. In the accounting information systems area, the most popular modern non-equational system, the resource-event-agent model, is increasingly being promoted as a replacement for the equational zero vector accounting system. We contend that, although non-equational accounting system frameworks can be modelled with controls, they do not achieve the degree of control inherent in an equational zero vector accounting system without becoming an equational zero vector accounting system.</p>

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<author>Roberta Ann Barra et al.</author>


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<title>Feedback on Developing an AIS Curriculum</title>
<link>http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/acct_fac/18</link>
<guid isPermaLink="true">http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/acct_fac/18</guid>
<pubDate>Mon, 15 Nov 2010 15:22:47 PST</pubDate>
<description>
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	<p>This paper gathers evidence about an Accounting Information Systems (AIS) curriculum developed using a Model-Oriented Tool-Enhanced (MOTE) framework. The evidence was gathered by eliciting the perceptions of employer stake holders about the curriculum. The curriculum follows recommendations of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) Guideline No. 11. The IFAC recommendations offer guidance on the information technology in content in accounting curricula and are supported by the AICPA. The evidence gathered supports the inclusion of most elements of the curriculum.</p>

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<author>Joseph Callaghan et al.</author>


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<title>Think Before for a Better After</title>
<link>http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/acct_fac/17</link>
<guid isPermaLink="true">http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/acct_fac/17</guid>
<pubDate>Tue, 08 Apr 2008 09:24:28 PDT</pubDate>
<description>
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	<p>Think before you drive. Think before you trash it. Think before for a better after.  These were all slogans used in a campaign on the California Polytechnic State University campus in San Luis Obispo, Calif. Two students worked with their college union and other areas of campus to promote recycling and energy and water conservation.</p>
<p>The central goal of this campaign was to influence students to think about their actions and change their behaviors to be more eco-friendly. The recycling opportunities at Cal Poly are plentiful.  Students, staff, and faculty members each have two containers in their dorm room or office, one for recycling and one for trash.  Trash cans and recycling bins are found side by side across the campus. The means to recycle were available, but people were not consistently using them.  On a typical day trash cans were overflowing with recyclables such as soda bottles, newspapers, and plastic juice containers.  Beside the full trash containers stood half-empty recycling bins. Why were students not recycling, especially when it required no extra effort? Surveys and personal interviews during the summer quarter of 2002 revealed that many students were unaware of the importance of recycling or were confused about what could be recycled. The survey results also showed that many students perceived energy and water conservation solely as a way to save money. The campaign sought to combat this lack of understanding by educating students about the importance of recycling, teaching them what could and could not be recycled, and convincing them that water and energy conservation are more than just financially motivated. By uniting the entire campus behind the "Think Before" ideas, students would not be able to ignore the message.</p>

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<author>Kathryn A.S. Lancaster</author>


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<title>Process mapping and scripting in the Accounting Information Systems (AIS) curriculum</title>
<link>http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/acct_fac/16</link>
<guid isPermaLink="true">http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/acct_fac/16</guid>
<pubDate>Fri, 14 Mar 2008 16:25:02 PDT</pubDate>
<description>
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	<p>The ability to understand, document, and suggest improvements for a business process is an important skill for an accounting student for the following reasons: (1) efficient business processes give businesses a competitive advantage; (2) business process analysis provides auditors with an assessment of business risk; and (3) successful enterprise resource planning implementation depends on understanding and improving existing business processes. It is suggested that students be introduced to process mapping and scripting in an accounting information systems (AIS) course to facilitate their understanding of business processes and help them visualize the interaction between functional areas. The specifics of process mapping are covered and advantages of incorporating process mapping into the AIS curriculum discussed. It is also proposed that scripting, which is used to facilitate configuration, testing of ERP software and communication between the accountant and the programmer, be included in the AIS course. Finally, suggestions for classroom activities are included.</p>

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<author>Roberta Ann Jones et al.</author>


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<title>An experimental assessment of business students&apos; performance: Recognizing risk factors associated with misappropriation of assets</title>
<link>http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/acct_fac/15</link>
<guid isPermaLink="true">http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/acct_fac/15</guid>
<pubDate>Thu, 13 Mar 2008 12:02:40 PDT</pubDate>
<description>
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	<p>This paper reports the results of a study that was conducted to investigate the performance of senior-level business students as it pertains to recognizing certain clues or risk factors that are frequently associated with the misappropriation of entity assets. Based on three of the risk factors identified in SAS No. 82, an experiment was used to examine differences in performance based on academic major, fraud-specific knowledge, and certain experiences of the students. The primary contributions of this study are the discovery that: (1) an increasing number of risk factors; (2) knowledge accumulated in an accounting curriculum; (3) reading additional articles on the topic of employee theft; and (4) direct encounters with employee theft in the workplace were positively and significantly associated with recognizing an increased possibility that employee theft may be occurring. The results also indicate that neither employer-provided fraud training, nor part-time work experience, helped the subjects recognize an increased level of vulnerability of an organization to employee theft.</p>

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<author>Kathryn A.S. Lancaster et al.</author>


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<title>Stewardship, Accounting and Management</title>
<link>http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/acct_fac/14</link>
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<pubDate>Mon, 28 Jan 2008 15:52:51 PST</pubDate>
<description>
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	<p>Previous chapters have described the vast array of resources that Cal Poly’s officials oversee. As students, educators and others in the surrounding community continue to use Cal Poly Land and surrounding areas, the ecological system and its capacity to recover become strained. In order to ensure that in 100 years students (and other Cal Poly stakeholders) will be able to have the same opportunities to benefit from the land resources, Cal Poly’s stakeholders need to develop the mind-set and tools to help us maintain and enhance these resources. This section describes several approaches available to help us.</p>

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<author>Kathryn Lancaster</author>


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<title>Making Better Use of Information: Aiming Towards &quot;True North&quot;</title>
<link>http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/acct_fac/13</link>
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<pubDate>Mon, 28 Jan 2008 14:36:31 PST</pubDate>
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<author>Kathryn Lancaster et al.</author>


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<title>Internet Reporting: Availability of Financial and Environmental Information for the Environmentally Responsible Investor</title>
<link>http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/acct_fac/12</link>
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<pubDate>Mon, 28 Jan 2008 14:34:17 PST</pubDate>
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<author>Kathryn Lancaster et al.</author>


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<title>A Movie Project Brings the COSO Internal Control Framework to Life</title>
<link>http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/acct_fac/11</link>
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<pubDate>Mon, 28 Jan 2008 14:34:16 PST</pubDate>
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<author>Arline Savage et al.</author>


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